Kash Biotech Express

ABSTRACT
While immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against double-stranded (ds) DNA are serological markers of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), not all anti-DNA (anti-DNA) antibodies are positively damaged. It has been suggested that anti-DNA-induced renal damage may be associated with differences in the fine specificity of antibodies.

In an effort to gain insight into their fine binding properties, we investigated the cross-reactivity of two human lupus anti-dsDNA monoclonal IgGs (B3 to RH14) to the recently described PolIV. These autoantibodies have distinct pathogenic properties in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Although both antibodies cause proteinuria, only RH14 induces the early histological features of lupus nephritis.

Both RH14 and B3 bound PolIV; however, they showed a significant difference in their reactivity to the PolIV – dsDNA complex. Although RH14 showed significant activity to the complex, the binding of B3 to PolIV complexed with dsDNA was almost abolished. In addition, there was a significant difference in the way lupus is recognized by naked dsDNA and which is presented on PolIV.

Although 67% of lupus sera bound to bare dsDNA, ≈ 90% of these sera (93% calf thymus DNA; 90% synthetic oligonucleotide) responded to the complex when the dsDNA was presented on PolIV. Thus, anti-dsDNA IgG, which is likely to exist in lupus patients, can be distinguished between those that recognize dsDNA in the context of PolIV and those that do not. This difference in binding ability can help differentiate those dsDNA antibodies that are more pathogenic.

Key words: autoantibodies, autoimmunity, human, lupus, PolIV

Anti-dsDNA antibodies anti-ssDNA antibodies

2.1. Anti-DNA antibodies and their correlation with the pathogenesis of SLE
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, potentially fatal autoimmune disease characterized by exacerbations and remissions with a variety of clinical manifestations affecting multiple organ systems, including the skin, kidneys, joints, cardiovascular and nervous systems.

A hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus is the production of a number of IgG and IgM autoantibodies directed against one or more nuclear components, the most common of which are double-stranded (ds) DNA and / or single-stranded (ss) DNA. Both anti-ssDNA and anti-dsDNA are involved in disease development and have been eluted from the kidneys of experimental mouse models and patients with SLE [17]. Clinicians consider anti-dsDNA autoantibodies to be relatively disease-specific, while anti-ssDNA is non-specific.

The reason for the difference in disease specificity is that for antibodies against dsDNA, the sensitivity of the test is 60%, while for these antibodies the variability is 30-70% [18]. The level of anti-DNA antibodies varies in the plasma of different patients with SLE, with high levels of anti-ssDNA and / or anti-dsDNA antibodies being associated with flare-ups of symptoms [4, 5]. As a result, the level of anti-DNA antibodies in the serum of patients is used to monitor the activity and progression of the disease [4-6].

The exact mechanisms leading to the production of anti-DNA antibodies remain unknown. Subgroups of B-cell producers vary according to different authors [19-21]. In addition, the mechanisms of pathogenicity of anti-DNA antibodies and immune complexes in SLE are controversial. Part of the pathogenicity may be due to the direct hydrolytic and cytotoxic activity of anti-DNA antibodies on cells of various tissues and organs affected by the disease [18]. Pathogenic anti-DNA antibodies are able to interact at the tissue level with alpha actinin in the renal glomeruli.

At the cellular level, antibodies have been shown to react with various cell surface proteins (eg, Myosin 1), presumably to allow them to penetrate the cell [22–25]. Upon entering the cell, the anti-DNA antibody is translocated to the nucleus, where it binds to the DNA and subsequently hydrolyzes it. An alternative mechanism by which an anti-DNA antibody may lead to autoimmune disease is its interaction with cell death receptors, which initiates a proapoptotic signal that apparently leads to tumor cell death in vitro and possibly lupus B-cell death in vivo [12, 15 , 26, 27]. Although this phenomenon is due in part to caspase activation, the possible link between DNA hydrolysis and programmed cell death, as well as the underlying mechanisms in SLE, are not clearly understood [12]. The differences between natural and pathogenic anti-DNA autoantibodies are summarized in Figure 1.

Recombinant Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME)
4-RPH323Hu01	Cloud-Clone	EUR 631.80 EUR 292.80 EUR 2039.23 EUR 759.74 EUR 1399.49 EUR 498.00 EUR 4918.08	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma expressed in: E.coli

Recombinant Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME)
4-RPH323Hu02	Cloud-Clone	EUR 631.80 EUR 292.80 EUR 2039.23 EUR 759.74 EUR 1399.49 EUR 498.00 EUR 4918.08	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma expressed in: E.coli

Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME) Protein
20-abx068652	Abbexa	EUR 878.40 EUR 343.20 EUR 2749.20 EUR 1045.20 EUR 627.60	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug

Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME) Protein
20-abx068653	Abbexa	EUR 878.40 EUR 343.20 EUR 2749.20 EUR 1045.20 EUR 627.60	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug

Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME) Antibody Pair
20-abx370326	Abbexa	EUR 2097.60 EUR 1345.20	10 × 96 tests 5 × 96 tests

Human Melanoma antigen preferentially expressed in tumors (PRAME)
1-CSB-YP018603HU	Cusabio	EUR 516.00 EUR 280.80 EUR 1809.60 EUR 770.40 EUR 1210.80 EUR 349.20	100ug 10ug 1MG 200ug 500ug 50ug
Description: Recombinant Human Melanoma antigen preferentially expressed in tumors(PRAME) expressed in Yeast

Human Melanoma antigen preferentially expressed in tumors (PRAME)
1-CSB-EP018603HU	Cusabio	EUR 456.00 EUR 256.80 EUR 1570.80 EUR 672.00 EUR 1047.60 EUR 314.40	100ug 10ug 1MG 200ug 500ug 50ug
Description: Recombinant Human Melanoma antigen preferentially expressed in tumors(PRAME) expressed in E.coli

Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME) CLIA Kit
20-abx495430	Abbexa	EUR 9567.60 EUR 5095.20 EUR 1177.20	10 × 96 tests 5 × 96 tests 96 tests

Melanoma Antigen Preferentially Expressed In Tumors (PRAME) Antibody
abx236746-100ug	Abbexa	100 ug	EUR 661.2

Melanoma Antigen Preferentially Expressed In Tumors (MAPE) Antibody
abx032957-400ul	Abbexa	400 ul	EUR 627.6

Melanoma Antigen Preferentially Expressed In Tumors (MAPE) Antibody
abx032957-80l	Abbexa	80 µl	EUR 343.2

Melanoma Antigen Preferentially Expressed In Tumors (PRAME) Antibody
20-abx004948	Abbexa	EUR 493.20 EUR 710.40 EUR 218.40 EUR 376.80	100 ul 200 ul 20 ul 50 ul

Human Striated muscle preferentially expressed protein kinase (SPEG)
1-CSB-EP022529HU	Cusabio	EUR 456.00 EUR 256.80 EUR 1570.80 EUR 672.00 EUR 1047.60 EUR 314.40	100ug 10ug 1MG 200ug 500ug 50ug
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Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME) ELISA Kit
DLR-PRAME-Hu-48T	DL Develop	48T	EUR 620.4
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.

Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME) ELISA Kit
DLR-PRAME-Hu-96T	DL Develop	96T	EUR 807.6
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.

Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME) ELISA Kit
20-abx152813	Abbexa	EUR 8853.60 EUR 4719.60 EUR 1093.20	10 × 96 tests 5 × 96 tests 96 tests

Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma ELISA Kit (PRAME)
RK02126	Abclonal	96 Tests	EUR 625.2

Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME) ELISA Kit
RD-PRAME-Hu-48Tests	Reddot Biotech	48 Tests	EUR 625.2

Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME) ELISA Kit
RD-PRAME-Hu-96Tests	Reddot Biotech	96 Tests	EUR 867.6

Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME) ELISA Kit
RDR-PRAME-Hu-48Tests	Reddot Biotech	48 Tests	EUR 652.8

Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME) ELISA Kit
RDR-PRAME-Hu-96Tests	Reddot Biotech	96 Tests	EUR 907.2

Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME) ELISA Kit
SEH323Hu-10x96wellstestplate	Cloud-Clone	10x96-wells test plate	EUR 5677.8
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.

Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME) ELISA Kit
SEH323Hu-1x48wellstestplate	Cloud-Clone	1x48-wells test plate	EUR 572.76
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.

Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME) ELISA Kit
SEH323Hu-1x96wellstestplate	Cloud-Clone	1x96-wells test plate	EUR 766.8
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.

Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME) ELISA Kit
SEH323Hu-5x96wellstestplate	Cloud-Clone	5x96-wells test plate	EUR 3090.6
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.

Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME) ELISA Kit
4-SEH323Hu	Cloud-Clone	EUR 5738.40 EUR 3031.20 EUR 768.00	10 plates of 96 wells 5 plates of 96 wells 1 plate of 96 wells
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species.

Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME) ELISA Kit
RDR-PRAME-Hu-48T	Reddot Biotech	48T	EUR 475.34
Description: tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernatants and other biological fluids.

Human Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME) ELISA Kit
RDR-PRAME-Hu-96T	Reddot Biotech	96T	EUR 679.04
Description: tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernatants and other biological fluids.

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RD-PRAME-Hu-48T	Reddot Biotech	48T	EUR 452.7
Description: tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernatants and other biological fluids.

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RD-PRAME-Hu-96T	Reddot Biotech	96T	EUR 646.7
Description: tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernatants and other biological fluids.

ELISA kit for Human PRAME (Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma)
ELK4314	ELK Biotech	1 plate of 96 wells	EUR 518.4
Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids.

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E08S0465-192T	BlueGene	192 tests	EUR 1524
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E08S0465-96	BlueGene	1 plate of 96 wells	EUR 822
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Rat Striated muscle preferentially expressed protein kinase ELISA kit
E02S0465-192T	BlueGene	192 tests	EUR 1524
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rat Striated muscle preferentially expressed protein kinase in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.

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E02S0465-48	BlueGene	1 plate of 48 wells	EUR 624
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rat Striated muscle preferentially expressed protein kinase in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.